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- <text>
- <title>
- (1988) Angola:Shifts In The Wind
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1988 Highlights
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- August 22, 1988
- ANGOLA
- Shifts in the Wind
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>After 13 years, the world's most complicated conflict may be
- ending
- </p>
- <p> The small smile that creased his normally stolid face said more
- than a thousand press conferences: Assistant Secretary of
- State Chester Crocker was pleased. And with good reason. Seven
- years ago, he set out to negotiate a peaceful solution to the
- conflict involving Angola, Cuba and South Africa. Last week the
- three countries jointly announced "a de facto cessation of
- hostilities" in the 13-year-old war and pledged to work toward
- the withdrawal of all foreign troops from Angola and neighboring
- Namibia. The impending agreement is not only a personal triumph
- for Crocker but also one of the most impressive examples of
- creative, consistent diplomacy in the Reagan era.
- </p>
- <p> As some 3,000 South African troops began pulling out of Angola
- last week, however, some potentially explosive issues remained
- unresolved. For starters, the talks did not include
- representatives from either the Soviet-backed South West Africa
- People's Organization, which has an estimated 2,500 troops in
- Angola, or the National Union for the Total Independence of
- Angola (UNITA), which is backed by the U.S. and South Africa
- and has an army of some 25,000 in Angola. UNITA insists that
- it will continue fighting.
- </p>
- <p> Crocker remained cautious about declaring an end to one of the
- world's most complicated and protracted conflicts. "It's on
- the verge of the pieces either pulling together or blowing up
- very fast," he said. "What I'm trying to do now is focus
- attention and pressure on the big pieces not yet resolved--primarily the schedule for Cuban withdrawal." Cuba and Angola
- have proposed a three-to-four-year timetable to remove its
- estimated 50,000 troops from Angola, while South Africa has
- called for a complete Cuban withdrawal by next June. Says
- Crocker: "There will have to be a compromise."
- </p>
- <p> For the time being, however, all three countries have agreed to
- a schedule of steps leading to the implementation of a
- three-way treaty drafted in Geneva two weeks ago. Among the
- main provisions:
- </p>
- <p>-- A South African pullout from Angola by Sept. 1, by which
- time Cuba and Angola will present a timetable for the withdrawal
- of Cuban troops.
- </p>
- <p>-- Implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution
- 435, which South Africa agreed to in principle in 1978 but has
- never carried out. The resolution calls for Namibian
- independence and U.N.-supervised elections there.
- </p>
- <p>-- A phased withdrawal of most of the estimated 50,000 South
- African troops from Namibia to be completed by Feb. 1, 1989,
- and the deployment of a 7,500-member U.N. peacekeeping force.
- </p>
- <p> The accord vindicates Crocker's tenacious, realpolitik brand of
- diplomacy. A former director of African studies at the Center
- or Strategic and International Studies in Washington, Crocker
- was hired by the State Department in 1981 and assumed the job
- of finding a solution to the turmoil in Africa.
- </p>
- <p> Crocker credits the breakthrough in negotiations to his
- strategy of linking the competing interests with the
- comprehensive settlement he has mediated. He believes the
- antagonists in the regional drama have gradually come to accept
- his plan as their only way out of an inconclusive struggle.
- Says Crocker "You have to create your own wind in the sails."
- </p>
- <p> It did not hurt, of course, that the winds of war had also
- begun to blow in his favor. Last summer the Angolan army
- launched a Cuban-backed offensive against UNITA strongholds in
- the southeast of the country. South African forces responded
- with a full-scale counterattack that drove the Angolans and
- Cubans back to the town of Cuito Cuanavale. Three months ago
- in southwest Angola, Cuban troops took up positions as close as
- ten miles from the Namibian border. Bogged down in an expensive
- and demoralizing military stalemate, all three governments have
- become increasingly receptive to a settlement that would end the
- fighting while protecting their security interests.
- </p>
- <p> Just as crucial, perhaps, was South Africa's realization that
- its best interests lay in reaching a Namibia settlement while
- the Reagan Administration was still in office. At the same
- time, the Soviets started throwing their weight behind the peace
- process. Crocker has held half a dozen meetings with his Soviet
- counterparts since March to discuss the superpowers' role in
- the conflict and to ask Moscow to urge both the Angolans and
- the South Africans to be flexible.
- </p>
- <p> Even so, some diplomats are skeptical that Pretoria will honor
- its commitment to leave Namibia, which it has administered for
- 73 years. More than once during the past seven years, the
- South Africans have dashed Crocker's hopes for peat. Perhaps
- to show its good faith, South Africa has invited U.N.
- Secretary-General Javier Perez de Cuellar to visit Pretoria as
- soon as possible to discuss independence for Namibia.
- </p>
- <p> Meanwhile, representatives of the U.S., South Africa, Angola
- and Cuba plan to reconvene next week to discuss such issues as
- a schedule for withdrawal of Cuban troops, future South African
- aid to Angolan rebels and the presence of bases of the African
- National Congress, which is fighting a guerrilla campaign
- against South Africa. Asked about the upcoming negotiations,
- Crocker said, "Some bullets have been bitten. There are some
- more that have to be bitten. An soon."
- </p>
- <p>By Guy D. Garcia. Reported by Bruce W. Nelan/Johannesburg and
- Jay Peterzell/Washington.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-